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ASIAN ARCHITECTURE PROJECT 2 SITE PROPOSAL

Objective       :         

• To develop critical perspectives on architecture and urbanism in situations where tradition, modernity and globalization intersect through an exploration of the history of South, Southeast and East Asian architecture
• To promote and develop students’ knowledge and understanding of selected aspects of Asian architectural and urban design through first-hand experience gained through a study visit to an appropriate local or overseas location relevant to the theme
• To develop in each student increasing skills and independence in information gathering, visual and verbal analysis, and critical synthesis
• To develop in each student increasing skills in clear, effective, written communication, employing recognized scholarly and professional conventions
• To enhance further students’ interpersonal and intra personal skills

Learning Outcomes of this Project:

• Describe the historical development of the main strands of Asian architecture
• Identify a broad range of issues related to the historical and chronological transitions of Asian architectural history
• Interpret architectural language in relation to the development of Asian architecture and urbanism based on theme of tradition, modernity and globalization

Tasks:

For this project, students are to choose between 2 sites to conduct the study

Site 1 – Overseas Asian city

Site 2 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

For each sites, students are to be divided into three broad groups that will look into

i.                     Historic streets

ii.                    Market streets

iii.                  Commercial / up-market shopping street

Within these three groups, students need to divide into four smaller groups that will look at each of these streets based on these four points of views

i.                     Streets as an experience of the urban life

ii.                    Streets as programmes or events

iii.                  Streets as language – semiotic readings of streets

iv.                  Street as container of society, culture, history and memory

Generally, under each group and subgroup, students are to do physical surveys and collect research data. Documentation can be done through observations, photograph, short notes, diagrams and sketches

Overseas Asian City Site 2 Proposal:

I am proposing Beijing City, China as one of the Asian city site. The criteria of choosing this city are as the followings:

Suitability of objectives and learning outcomes

Beijing formerly known as Peking is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.

Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.

Beijing is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It has been the heart of China’s history for centuries and there is scarcely a major building of any age in Beijing that does not have at least some national historical significance. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, and huge stone walls and gates. Its art treasures and universities have long made it a center of culture and art in China.

Beijing has its unique historic streets, market streets and up-market streets that offer opportunities for discovery and learning. The following streets are identified to suit this project:

Historic street

Market street

Up-market street

Proposed sites

Historic street	Beijing Hutongs or Street Beijing hutong is an ancient city alley or lane among courtyards. Surrounding the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. They built houses and courtyards which were arranged in order around water wells. The passages between houses were left in consideration of light and ventilation and convenient right-of way. These countless passages crisscrossed the old capital like a chessboard. In that time, the small retailers peddled their wares among the hutongs to satisfy people's daily needs. A study of the Hutongs and Siheyuan is a must to understand Beijing local customs, history and culture, because the real culture of Beijing is 'the culture of hutong' and 'the culture of courtyard'. As the symbol of Beijing City, a hutong has its own layout and structure, which makes it a wonder in the world. When taking a bird's eye view of Beijing, you will find the combination of hutongs and courtyards just like an orderly chessboard with delicate gardens, fine rockeries, and ancient ruins. The hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers. The hutongs are residential neighborhoods which still form the heart of Old Beijing. By visiting the Beijing hutong, student will appreciate the dramatic changes of Beijing's yesterday and today. Beijing's Siheyuans are outstanding representatives of traditional residences of China's Han people. They are at the highest level and most typical specimen of its kind with a long history of more than 2000 years. Beijing's Siheyuanms, or Courtyard Houses of Beijing, usually have four sides squarely facing the cardinal points. Generally, almost every dwelling compound is surrounded by high walls, with an open courtyard in the centre. Usually the buildings on four sides are one storey high. Beijing Hutongs: i.  Beixinqiao Hutong has the most turns. There are more than 20 in which you can easily get lost. ii. Qian Shi Hutong (Money Market Hutong),-The narrowest hutong that measuring about 30 to 40 meters (32 to 44 yards), located in Zhubao Shi Street outside the Front Gate. The narrowest part is merely 40 centimeters (16 inches) wide, so when two people meet, they must turn sideways to pass each other. iii. Dong Jiaomin Hutong - The longest one is, with a total length of 6.5 kilometers (4 miles), lying between Chang'an Avenue and East Street and West Street of the Front Gate. The shortest one is Guantong Hutong measuring about 30 meters (33 yards). Beijing Siheyuans: Today, there are about 400, 000 Siheyuans in Beijing and mainly distributed over the East, West, Xuanwu and Chongwen districts of the city. The East and West districts are in the best shape and most beautiful. Siheyuans are built in accord with the weather and the living customs of the northern Chinese. The reason that they attract more and more attention lies in their culture implication. Through them, we could imagine the lives of the old Beijing citizens, famous or ordinary. Their unique living customs in the courtyard are of great interest for the modern people. The courtyard houses are much more cherished, especially at present days when rows and rows of skyscrapers rise from the ground. Beijing typical siheyuans are below: The Former Residence of Mao Dun. Location: The South Street Dongcheng District's Traffic Intersection, Beijing. Beijing houhai Siheyuan. Location:No.15 Public Hutong, Xicheng District Beijing. Opening Hours: Monday to Friday Nanluoguxiang siheyuan. Location:Nanluoguxiang Dongcheng District, Beijing (Source: Wikipedia)    Nanluoguxiang Street
Market Street	i. Suzhou Market Street (Suzhoujie) There are over 60 stores extend from North Palace Gate entrance into a street about 300 meters (328.1 yards) in length. Along the Back Lake, the street design imitates the ancient style of shops on the banks of rivers in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, that is, taking the running water of Back Lake as the street and its banks as a market. The area served as an entertainment place where Emperors and concubines could feel as if they were strolling on a commercial street. When the royals went there, eunuchs and maids of honor would playact as peddlers, customers and shop assistants to mimic market activities. Built during the reign of Qianlong (1711-1799), it was burned down by Anglo-French allied force in 1860. Until 1986, it was rebuilt and in 1990 it was opened to the public. Today's market includes stores such as dyers, souvenir shops, drugstores, banks, shoe stores, teashops, and hockshops, with clerks dressed in Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) costumes. ii. LiuLiChang Market Street The market featues many bookstores, tea shops, art and calligraphy stores, of both finished articles and supplies, galleries and shops for curios and musical instruments. LiuLiChang Street runs both sides of NanXinHua Street, so there is a west street (XiJie) and east street (DongJie). It is about 800 meters long in total. LiuLiChang takes its name from a colored glaze factory that began during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) and continued through the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The factory made glazed tiles for the roofs of palaces, temples and nobles. During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the area became a popular meeting place of scholars and artists and a number of related shops were established. Eventually the factory was replaced by more shops, including those selling the 'four treasures of study': writing brush, ink stick, ink slab and paper. The street was renovated in 1982, bringing new life to a street with a long association with the study of the arts.
Up-market street	Beijing Up-market Street Beijing is amongst the most developed cities in China with tertiary industry accounting for 73.2% of its gross domestic product (GDP); it was the first postindustrial city in mainland China. Beijing is home to 41 Fortune Global 500 companies, the second most in the world behind Tokyo, and over 100 of the largest companies in China. The Beijing central business district (CBD), centred on the Guomao area, has been identified as the city's new central business district, and is home to a variety of corporate regional headquarters, shopping precincts, and high-end housing. Beijing Financial Street, in the Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen area, is a traditional financial centre. The Wangfujing and Xidan areas are major shopping districts. Zhongguancun, dubbed "China's Silicon Valley", continues to be a major centre in electronics and computer-related industries, as well as pharmaceuticals-related research. Meanwhile, Yizhuang, located to the southeast of the urban area, is becoming a new centre in pharmaceuticals, information technology, and materials engineering. Shijingshan, on the western outskirts of the city, is among the major industrial areas. Specially designated industrial parks include Zhongguancun Science Park, Yongle Economic Development Zone, Beijing Economic-technological Development Area, and Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone.  The New China Central Television ( CCTV ) Tower

Other Architecture Interest:
1. Historical Sites:
The Great Wall of China, Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), Forbidden City, Imperial Ancestral Temple and Temple of Heaven.

 

  Inside the Forbidden City

2. The National Stadium (Bird's nest) - Situted at the Olympic Green, it has a floor space of 258,000 sq meters. The National Stadium in Beijing is the main stadium for the 2008 Olympic Games. It is often dubbed the "bird's nest" because of its featuring grid formation. The twig-like structure and the bowl-shaped roof are the masterpiece of the project. It is designed by Herzog and DeMeuron. The most unique feature of the structure is its "cushion" system which can fill the spaces within the building's facade to regulate wind, weather, and sunlight. It can accommodate 91,000 visitors and hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, the track and field competitions and the football finals during the 2008 Olympic Games.

3. The National Swimming Center (Water Cube) - located just to the west of the Birs' Nest, designed by the design consortium composed of the China State Construction Engineering Corporation, China State Construction International (Shenzhen) Design Co Ltd, PTW Architects (Australia) and Ove Arup (Australia). The National Swimming Center will be the only important Olympic venue that is built by donations from compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao. It has a total floor space of 50,000 square meters with a seating capacity of 17,000. The whole project costs about US$100 million. The center was used for swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water-polo games during the Olympic Games 2008. After the games, the center will turn into a large water recreational center open to the public. It is dubbed "cube" because of its semi-transparent "bubbles" spread out all over its surface with a shape very similar to the structure of "H2O.

  The Bird's Nest                                Water Cube                                                              

Duration

Visit duration is proposed to be 6 days 5 nights. Two days will be allocated to do site studies while the other days will have tour arrangements.

Budget

Price quoted by TRIWAYS TRAVEL NETWORK is RM 2350. Expenditure includes accommodation, food (as per itinerary), China Airlines tickets, visa (for Malaysian whilst other nationality will be according to the stipulated visa cost for each different country), airport tax, insurance and in-land travel as per itinerary. The cost does not include mini bar, laundry, phone, internet access or other travel expenses not stated in itinerary.

Safety & Accessibility

Beijing city is considered to be generally safe to travel. Public transportation network is widely covered over the city with buses and metro. The proposed streets can be easily accessed using the public transportation especially metro. 

Attached is the China Trip proposal. The total including Airport Tax (RM 600++) and Visa (for Malaysian whereas others depend on the visa cost) Please register before Monday 29/4/2012. Registration is base on first come first serve and limited to 25 students only. Thank you

http://fs6.formsite.com/norhayati/form1/index.html 

Student name and ID: Rachel Khoo (0301371)

Topic: Conservation of traditional Chinese Architecture

Research Question(s):

1. Why conserve?
2. What are the methods?
3. How is traditional Chinese architecture incorporated with modern architecture?
4. What elements/ornaments are conserved?
5. Methods of conservation.
6. What are the challenges?
7. What is the cultural significance?

Outline a summary of the topic:

The architecture of China is as old as Chinese civilization. From every source of information - literary, graphic, and exemplary - there is strong evidence testifying to the fact that the Chinese have always employed an indigenous system of construction that has retained its principal characteristics from prehistoric times to the present day. Over the vast area from Chinese Turkistan to Japan, from Manchuria to the northern half of French Indochina, the same system of construction is prevalent; and this was the area of Chinese cultural influence. That this system of construction could perpetuate itself for more than four thousand years over such a vast territory and still remain a living architecture, retaining its principal characteristics in spite of repeated foreign invasions - military, intellectual, and spiritual - is a phenomenon comparable only to the continuity of the civilization of which it is an integral part.

—Liang, Ssu-ch'eng, 1984

From the excerpt above, we can say that Chinese architecture has greatly influenced the architecture of Asia. Although it has been going strong since its existence, traditional Chinese architecture has unfortunately, been depleting rapidly due to the development of modern architecture.

Hence, to retain its true identity, we must conserve traditional Chinese architecture as it was thousands of years ago. Many questions arise when the topic of conservation comes to mind.  Is it worth it? Why should we conserve? Would the future generation value traditional architecture? What are the challenges that we will face? How should we conserve traditional Chinese architecture? There is always the option of creating awareness among the younger generation, investing in conservation projects, educating the younger generation on traditional architecture’s true meaning and many more. Traditional Chinese elements can still be seen in modern structures. But it is a rare occurrence.  It is however, still contributing to conservation. Challenges that we may face is the younger generation not accepting the traditional ways. As we strive into the 21^st century, our main concern is keeping in with the new, and out with the old. We strive for modernity, advancement, futuristic and technology. Next there is the cultural significance. Traditional Chinese architecture tells us a story. It helps us maintain our true identity. Placement of a room, shape of a courtyard, ornamentations and etc., all have meaning behind it.

Annotated Bibliography

 [ Liang, Ssu-ch'eng, 1984, A pictorial history of Chinese architecture : a study of the development of its structural system and the evolution of its types, ed. by Wilma Fairbank, Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.]

Chinese architecture, [http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/china1.htm]

[http://www.chinaetravel.com/china/architec.html]

Modernism in China, by E. Denison & Y.R. Guang: Wiley

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Student name and ID: Tameez Bohoran 1102P11529

Topic: Exploring a marvel of a golden age in Sri Lankan Buddhist Architecture; The Polonnaruwa Vatadage.

Lecturer:  Norhayati Ramli…………………………………………………………………

Research Question(s):

What signifying highlights, influences and symbolic aspects does the Polonnaruwa kingdom bear?

What unique features does the ‘Polonnaruwa vatadage’ possess compared to the other works of construction in this kingdom and similar works of construction in other kingdoms?

What are the issues that have been raised with regard to this building’s history, form and function?

Why must this monument be conserved?

Have there been any changes in authenticity or integrity since inscription?

Outline

    The 2^nd kingdom of Sri Lankan history, Polonnaruwa, lasted for more that 2 centuries. Known as the golden age of this country’s history, the peak of architectural developments took place during this era. Marked a UNESCO world heritage site, the ruins that bear testament to the existence of the kingdom have been well preserved although abandoned after its demise.

The ‘Vatadage’ (Pronounced VA-TA-DA-GEY) is a Buddhist structure erected to protect the ‘Stupas’ that enshrine sacred relics of Lord Buddha. The Polonnaruwa ‘Vatadage’ known to be one of the best of its kind, comprises of an outer screen wall, inner enclosure wall, four stone carved Buddha statues facing the four cardinal points, moonstones that are said to be the best in history, Guard stones, pillars and intricate stone carvings. It is a circular building with its centre raised on a granite circular terrace.

With regard to the history of this structure, many theories have been raised, each varying from the other, about the historians who build this supreme structure. According to ancient inscriptions such as the Chulavamsa, the great king and one of the most astonishing rulers of the time King Parakramabahu the 1^st, known for his magnificent creations and unusual building dimensions and techniques is said to have built this ‘Vatadage’. However, in the contrary, other ancient sources such as the Rajavaliya and Poojavaliya mention that King Nissankamalla, his successor, had built it instead. Other studies mention that it was only renovated by King Nissankamalla and additions such as the entrance and outer porch have been made.

This structure being one of the best constructions in the city pulls more towards it being built by King Parakramabahu the 1^st, rather than his successor, when considering the other structural works of each king regardless of what each inscription states. This issue however, even after countless centuries is still being debated about.

The ‘Vatadage’ was abandoned along with the other structures after the fall of the kingdom. Centuries after, in 1903, excavation work under archaeologist Bell, began in this ancient city, rediscovering the ruins of the ‘Vatadage’. It is said to have been a mound of earth before excavations actually took swing. Although majority of its elements have been preserved close to its original form, many elements such as nails and tiles included in the findings have given rise to clues about the presence of a roof above this structure. This study was carried out mainly due to the three concentric pillars that are around the Stupa, and many believe that this was to bear a structure of a wooden roof. On the contrary, the use of these stone columns to hang lamps, curtains and Buddhist symbols instead, are believed by some.

 The two walls; the outer screen wall and inner enclosure wall are almost wholely preserved. In some places,almost to its original height of 15 ft. However, archaeologists such as Bell strongly object to the presence of the inner brick wall in the buildings original form. Seeing the ‘Vatadage’ as an essential hypaethral structure, he wasn’t convinced that this wall was important in the form or structural elements in the building that was dominated by a massive superstructure.

 Many of these issues are still being questioned and can only be justified with further excavations and studies, hence the steps taken for conservation by the UNESCO world heritage organization.

The ‘Vatadage’ ranks among the supreme achievements of classical Sinhalese tradition with some Hindu influences. This was mainly due to the Chola invasions from South India that took place for the most part of the Kingdom. Traces of Hindu influences are present in the moonstones placed in main entrances of the ‘Vatadage’ that have eliminated the sacred animal to the Hindu culture, the Bull. In the previous designs of the moonstones, the bull had been included. The guard stones and moonstones are placed in order to cast away evil spirits.

The intricate and definitive stone carvings around the ‘Vatadage’ and the brick building techniques add to its spiritual value each signifying a special aspect. The interior of the temple, in a fair state of preservation is the most elaborately equipped of all examples.

Annotated Bibliography:

1.    Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viharas of Anuradhapura by Senake Bandaranayaka.

2.    Periodic Reporting exercise in the application of the World Heritage Convention: The Sacred City of Polonnaruwa.

3.    Amarasinghe, Malinga (1998) (in Sinhala). [The Ruins of Polonnaruwa]. S. Godage & Brothers

4.    Sri Lanka Historical and Cultural Heritage

Student name and ID:   Adele Teo Yan Ni                 1001P75775

Topic:  Feng Shui from an Environmental Point of View in Modern Korean Homes and the Application of Its Principles towards the Betterment of Space Ecologically

Lecturer: Pn Norhayati Ramli

Research Question(s):

1.    Feng Shui throughout history and its adjustment to the modern world.

2.    The application of Feng Shui in modern Korean homes.

3.    The effects of the principles of Feng Shui environmentally.

4.    The impact of The Five Elements environmentally and reasons behind it.

Outline a summary of the topic:

This research will center on Feng Shui and how it helps improve the quality of space ecologically. The location of this study is throughout the whole of South Korea where the focus will be on modern residence. Feng Shui is the art of placement and urban orientation practiced by the Chinese in the past millennia. Literally, the term translates into wind, Feng and water, Shui.

Feng Shui has been around for centuries and has morphed to fit in with today’s modern world by creating manmade landscape. Gardens in homes can create positive Feng Shui where the layout of gardens plays an important role. In the past, people look to the natural landscape such as mountains and rivers to determine but in today’s world, gardens have similar effects.

The use of Feng Shui in Korean homes will be explained about in the second subtopic. The case study that we will be looking at is The P House in Jongno-gu, Korea by HAHN Design. This house plays around the idea of uniting people and nature. Feng Shui has affected the orientation, location of each room and the materials used to build this house. There is a small courtyard within the walls of this house whereby we will focus how this impact the quality of space created within the home ecologically.

The third subtopic will examine how certain principles of Feng Shui impacts environmental issues. The use of materials helps bring nature into the house making a space more eco-friendly. On the other hand, the orientation of the building helps reduce heat gain thus, leading to the decrement of usage of electricity for cooling. Feng Shui strives to find the balance between heaven, nature and human therefore, natural elements are introduced into a particular space.

Finally, we shall look at how The Five Elements brings nature inside a residence making it a more eco-friendly space. The Five Elements consist of wood, fire, earth, metal and water. These elements work with each other to achieve a perfect harmony but if used wrongly may result in disaster. This principle encourages the usage of natural materials in a space.

Annotated Bibliography

 Five Elements. (n.d.). Feng Shui Tips. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from www.fengshui.co.uk/five_elements.htm

FENG SHUI CONSCIOUS ENVIRONMENT. (n.d.). FENG SHUI CONSCIOUS ENVIRONMENT. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.fengshuiconsciousenvironment.com/

Ashby, A. (n.d.). Weeno: Feng Shui - A mystical belief or a natural science?. Weeno: learn how to do stuff you don't know. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.weeno.com/art/1099/182.html

water features. (n.d.). Feng Shui Tips for your home or office. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.fengshuitips.co.uk/water_features.htm

Changes, E. S., & World., D. R. (n.d.). Applying the Feng Shui Five Elements to Your Home | Care2 Healthy Living. Care2 - largest online community for healthy and green living, human rights and animal welfare.. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.care2.com/greenliving/is-your-living-space-balanced-photo-contest.html?page=1

Feng Shui-Chinese Feng Shui -Feng Shui Information. (n.d.). Indobase - Events, Recipes, Mutual Funds, Study Abroad, India Yellow Pages, India Hotel Reservation. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.indobase.com/fengshui/index.htm

Saieh, N. (n.d.). Floating House / Hyunjoon Yoo Architects. ArchDaily. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from www.archdaily.com/89701/floating-house-hyunjoon-yoo-architects/

Saieh, N. (n.d.). P House / HAHN Design. ArchDaily. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from www.archdaily.com/89701/floating-house-hyunjoon-yoo-architects/

Student name and ID:

LOW CHOON YONG 1001G77707

Topic:

A COMPORATIVE STUDY OF THE PRINCIPLES OF FENGSHUI INFLUENCED IN ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL LAYOUT OF CHINESE VERNAKULAR CLANHOUSE & COMTEMPORARY RESIDENTIAL IN MALAYSIA

Lecturer:

PN. NORHAYATI RAMLI

Research Question(s):

ISSUE:

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PRESERVING PRINCIPLES OF FENGSHUI IN OREINATION AND SPATIAL LAYOUT OF COMTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

QUESTIONS:

1. What are the core principles of fengshui?
2. What are the theories and general significances of fengshui?
3. What are the influences of principles of fengshui in Chinese vernacular architecture?
4. What are the influences of principles of fengshui in contemporary architecture?
5. What are the similarities of fengshui influences for two periods and its significance?
6. Are the principles worth preserving and why?

Outline a summary of the topic:

Fengshui is a traditional Chinese geomancy theory based on the law of Earth and Heaven. Implication of fengshui helps in promoting and improving life mainly related to health and wealth. There are several core principles and theory of fengshui in architecture such as yin and yang balance (polarity), five elements and concept of Qi (energy). The theories of fengshui have great influenced in Chinese architecture in orientation, spatial layout and colours.

The vernacular Chinese architecture building, Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi, one of the most distinctive Chinese clan associations in Penang Malaysia has implied many theories of fengshui in its architecture. The clan house is sitting in the middle of town, a great position of accumulating Qi, hence also the accumulation of wealth. The building is orientated facing south and it has a spatial layout resembles an enclosure which creating a smooth flow of Qi. The symmetrical layout of the clan house also promotes polarity.

Khoo’s villa is contemporary bungalow built up in Setia Eco Park, Shah Alam. The bungalow is sitting in the middle of a square built area set. It is orientated facing south and is slightly elevated. Its spatial layout create a courtyard circulation within the house.

Both building resemble in the way that they sitting in the middle of an area, which is the best position to absorb Qi. They are orientated facing towards south, which promote the absorption of sunlight, accumulating positive energy and Qi. They have spatial layouts that are symmetrical which achieve balance and harmony. The components of both are arranged in a way that achieve balanced in the 5 elements.

The deliberate orientation of both buildings and organization within them based on principles of fengshui promote health, wealth and happiness. Continually invigorating positive energy and enhancing occupants living quality are the most primary significances of preserving principles of fengshui.

Annotated Bibliography

Bierre, Julia, and James Bain Smith. Penang: through gilded doors. English ed. Penang, Malaysia: Areca Books, 2006. Print.

This book gives introduction to Penang Heritage Trails including Khoo Kongsi clan house. It introduces the architecture of the clan house, also the components and spaces within itself. The book also analyses its orientation and spatial layout and realted it to theories of fengshui briefly.

"Feng Shui | Best Bungalow Design." Best Bungalow Design | Best Bungalow Builder in Malaysia. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://www.bestbungalowdesign.com/?cat=6http://>.

This website gives introduction to theories of fengshui applied in contemporary bungalow design. It covers examples and cases that used the principles of fengshui in bungalow’s floor plan and layout.

Skinner, Stephen. Feng shui style: the Asian art of gracious living. Singapore: Periplus Editions :, 2003. Print.

The book introduce to vernacular Chinese architecture. It analysize the spatial layout of clanhouse. It also provide information regarding to architecture features of clanhouse in related to the principles of fengshui. It also mentioned about typology and system of clanhouse that related to fengshui.

"[Khoo Kongsi Online] The Official Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi, Penang Website - http://www.khookongsi.com.my." [Khoo Kongsi Online] The Official Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi, Penang Website - http://www.khookongsi.com.my. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. http://www.khookongsi.com.my/index2.html

This is the official website of Khoo Kongsi Clan house, Penang. It offers information of khoo kongsi clan house, including history and significance. It also introduce architecture features and religious belief of the clubhouse.